Rebellion of 1916
If you travel along the road from Bishkek to Issyk-Kul, as you leave behind
the roadside yurt encampment and enter Boom Gorge there is a monument on
the right hand side of the road — a series of whitewashed stones display the
date 1916. This was built to commemorate an important event in local history.
In the summer of 1916, the Russian Empire ordered a call up of non-Russians
in the colonies that comprised the Russian empire to help feed it's desperate
war effort in Europe. The Imperial Decree of 26th June 1916 was transmitted
to Pishpek via Tashkent. It was quite specific; the locals were not to be
drafted as combatants, but for support acuities such as food production and
road building — thus freeing the soldiers on these duties for combat. The
wording of the decree was unfortunate in that it apparently referred to
«requisition» rather than «conscription» — implying that the draftees were
considered as «objects» rather than as people.
To make matters worse, rich «draftees» could pay for substitutes to serve
in their place. The poor Kyrgyz felt forgotten and frustrated — as much ill-feeling
was directed towards their feudal «overlords» (who made much use of the
«substitutes») as against the Russians. There had already been requisitions
of food and property to help pay for the distant war and when the herdsmen
complained they were told simply that «everyone was making sacrifices».
There were attempts by the local Khans to prevent or delay the implementation
of the decree. According to some sources, the first uprising was in Khojent
on July 4th 1916 and the movement spread to other parts of Turkestan. On
July 11th a mass protest took place in Tashkent and the police fired shots
into the crowd. The Russians arrested an additional group and summarily executing
thirty-five people. The Russian settlers, who had been brought into Tashkent
some thirty to forty years earlier, began looting, apparently at the instigation
of the Russian police. At this, the Central Asian response stiffened.
The revolt in Northern Kyrgyzstan seems to have been centred on Tokmak,
but although many of the surrounding villages were raided Pishkek, itself,
was more or less untroubled by the uprising — possibly because it housed
a strong garrison. Mounted groups of Kyrgyz — armed with spears, pitchforks
and guns began attacking the Russian militia, imperial officials and Russian
sympathizers of all nationalities. Their first targets were the Russian
police headquarters, to acquire weapons — their only source of supply. Houses
and haystacks were burnt, property stolen, women and children abducted,
and many people were killed. Two local chiefs were declared Khans, and the
idea grew up of establishing an independent state and there were some cases
where local Europeans supported the rebels — but this is often forgotten.
Przhevalsk (Korakol) was besieged from August 10th until August 27th —
and it wqas at this time that the golden baton held by the eagle in the Przhevalsk
memorial disappeared.
The official Russian response was to declare martial law in Turkistan
(and the Caucasus as well), and a lower quota of laborers to be drafted
under the 25 June decree was announced. The new Russian statements, however,
did not change the conditions. Russian settlers organized barricades and
mounted vigilante patrols to defend themselves and fight back. A Cossack
army led by General Anenkov was sent from Vernoe (Almaty), and others from
Ferghana and Tashkent and other regions of the far flung empire, to crush
the rebellion. Even prisoners of war, who were being held in Russian POW
camps in Central Asia, were recruited by the Russian generals as mercenaries
with regular pay. The vigilantes and the army were given free reign and a
the result was a serious of massive reprisals — slaughtering flocks, burning
down Kyrgyz villages, killing men women and children, (and according to eyewitnesses,
massacred even babies in the cradle) and hundreds of people were arrested.
It is said that the trials in Pishpek were so disorganized that the authorities
lost track of the people that had been executed..
More Russian settlers were brought in to occupy confiscated Central Asian
land and homes. Contemporary reports estimated that between 25 June 1916
and October of 1917, some one and one half million Central Asians were killed
by the Russian forces and settlers, with the Russian casualties numbering
around three thousand. Out of an estimated total population of 768,000 Kyrgyz,
some 120,000 were killed in the fighting and the aftermath — according to
one source, over 41% of the Kyrgyz population from the North of the country
were killed. — and another 120,000 fled across the border to China, (referred
to as «The Great Escape») many dying en route in the snows, of hunger, or
as the victims of bandits. There is a mountain pass called Ashu Surk — «the
Pass of Bones» — which got it«s name from the number that died here in their
attempted flight. The Aaly Tokombaev Museum in Bishkek has an exhibition
dedicated to the exodus of many Kyrgyz to China in 1916 following the uprising.
At least half of the Central Asian livestock was destroyed.
The unrest and period of uncertainty was to continue, in various guises,
well into the 1930s culminating in the Basmachi rebellion.
The event has been portrayed as a conspiracy organized by German agents
and Turkish prisoners of war; as a national liberation uprising; and as
an attempt at genocide.
